A survey has shown that a high number of parents in the UK are choosing to only have one child due to financial concerns. When parents of one child, who don’t plan to have a second, were asked why they wouldn’t, 58% said money was the main reason.
The financial crisis is not likely to have helped but it is not thought to be the main reason. This is thought to be a general rise in living costs, and in particular a rise in the costs of bringing up children.
But are costs really rising, or do people just want more than they did in previous times? It has been claimed that it costs between £210,000 and £270,000 for a family to bring up their first child. But is this really the case, or does this include unnecessary luxuries?
In many families both parents must work, as the income of one is not enough to support the entire family. This means child care is required, something that is expensive these days; an average of around £150 a week for each child. If one parent earns the minimum wage and pays for child care, they only have around £50 a week left after child care, tax and national insurance. And if the other parent also earns the minimum wage they would only have £250 a week left, or just over £1,000 a month. Most of this could be for rent or a mortgage alone. This shows how less well-off families can struggle, even if both parents are working full-time.
Although house prices have fallen a little during the financial crisis, they are still very high compared to historical prices, a trend that is likely to continue long-term. So for families not yet on the housing ladder, but who would like to be, it can be a struggle. This will also be the case if a couple would like more children, and would need a bigger home to do so. Food and petrol are also rising costs, as are utilities.
The cost of education is something that has been in the news a lot recently. Education up to, and including, A-levels is free but there are costs involved, such as school trips and uniforms. Then there is the much debated university, the cost of which will be rising dramatically. This has been one of the reasons cited for parents not choosing to have more children. However, due to the loan system – whereby students borrow the money and pay it back gradually as they earn more – parent won’t actually have to foot the bill. The truth is that, while many parents would like to help fund higher education, it is not the necessity that many believe. Part of the studies looking at how much it costs to bring a child up considered private education, something that could be described as something of a luxury.
Another rising cost that some have mentioned as a reason for the increasing costs of bringing up children is that items children want, from toys and games consoles to branded clothing, cost more. Some parents have even said that their children demand branded clothing. This though, is still a choice, not a necessity like food or accommodation. Luxury holidays have also been mentioned, something that is also unessential. Looking back 50 years (when the average family was larger) it was rare for people to go abroad for a holiday every year.
Many parents want to help children prepare financially for their future’s, for example by paying regularly into a children’s savings account. Some would argue that this is more difficult now, but again it could be seen as more of a luxury for those who can afford to than a necessity.
In many ways it is difficult to judge the cost of bringing up children, and whether or not it is rising. Some of the rising costs mentioned above are unavoidable, such as food, child care (if both parents are working) and petrol or public transport. Others are less so, but maybe something people are less prepared to go without than they used to be. Compared to 70, 50, or even 20 years ago people are comparably better off, but that doesn’t mean the cost of bringing up children hasn’t risen. Plus, there could be a trend for parents preferring to do everything they can for one child instead of having to be more careful with money and have two.
Andrew Marshall (c)
Tuesday, February 22, 2011
Friday, February 18, 2011
How the Internet Can Help Remote Working
There are a number of ways that the internet and advancements in internet technology has helped businesses. These include ways that make it easier for businesses whose employees are not always in the office or are in multiple offices. Some of these are outlined below.
VPN
VPN stands for Virtual Private Network, and allows people all over the world to work on the same network if necessary, thus helping businesses who operate globally. With VPN people working at different sites can log onto the same network. So, if a company has an office in London, New York and Beijing, they can all be connected and employees can all work off the same network. This means that businesses can have a much more joined up approach all being able to access the same files and information where necessary.
Laptops
There has been a massive increase in the popularity of laptops in recent years. In business this simply means that employees can have their own laptops that they can take with them wherever they are. With a desktop computer it can only be used when in the office, something that is not a problem with a laptop. So, if someone is on the train for example, they will be able to work. This means that having to travel between meetings doesn’t mean lost work time. For businesses where it is necessary, employees can work in more than one office at different times. This is again something that is particularly useful for international companies. Those who work across different countries can work on plains and from their hotel room – in fact, pretty much anywhere in the world using the same laptop. This means a lot less wasted time. It can also be used in meetings and means people can work from home where necessary.
Hot Desking
If people are in and out of the office it is not always necessary to have a specific desk for each employee. If each member of staff has a laptop it means there can be several desks which they can use when necessary. So one day a desk can be used by one employee and another day it can be used by another. So when such an employee is in the office they will just work at one of the free available desks. This saves space and therefore office rent and other savings. It is, though, only workable if there is never a time when everyone is in the office at the same time.
Sharing Computers
There is also the option of employees sharing computers. A VPN server will allow each employee to have a specific login and password, which they can use to log into any available computer. This means that each employee does not need an allocated desk and computer. In some cases it is not ideal that all employees can access everyone else’s files and the same information as each other. However, this does not have to be the case. Networks can be set up so each user can also access what is relevant to them. This will not work, though, if the number of staff in the office on a particular day outweighs the number of computers.
Andrew Marshall (c)
VPN
VPN stands for Virtual Private Network, and allows people all over the world to work on the same network if necessary, thus helping businesses who operate globally. With VPN people working at different sites can log onto the same network. So, if a company has an office in London, New York and Beijing, they can all be connected and employees can all work off the same network. This means that businesses can have a much more joined up approach all being able to access the same files and information where necessary.
Laptops
There has been a massive increase in the popularity of laptops in recent years. In business this simply means that employees can have their own laptops that they can take with them wherever they are. With a desktop computer it can only be used when in the office, something that is not a problem with a laptop. So, if someone is on the train for example, they will be able to work. This means that having to travel between meetings doesn’t mean lost work time. For businesses where it is necessary, employees can work in more than one office at different times. This is again something that is particularly useful for international companies. Those who work across different countries can work on plains and from their hotel room – in fact, pretty much anywhere in the world using the same laptop. This means a lot less wasted time. It can also be used in meetings and means people can work from home where necessary.
Hot Desking
If people are in and out of the office it is not always necessary to have a specific desk for each employee. If each member of staff has a laptop it means there can be several desks which they can use when necessary. So one day a desk can be used by one employee and another day it can be used by another. So when such an employee is in the office they will just work at one of the free available desks. This saves space and therefore office rent and other savings. It is, though, only workable if there is never a time when everyone is in the office at the same time.
Sharing Computers
There is also the option of employees sharing computers. A VPN server will allow each employee to have a specific login and password, which they can use to log into any available computer. This means that each employee does not need an allocated desk and computer. In some cases it is not ideal that all employees can access everyone else’s files and the same information as each other. However, this does not have to be the case. Networks can be set up so each user can also access what is relevant to them. This will not work, though, if the number of staff in the office on a particular day outweighs the number of computers.
Andrew Marshall (c)
Tuesday, February 15, 2011
How Old Must a Marriage Be Before a Divorce?
In England and Wales a couple must generally have been married for at least one year before they are allowed to divorce. For couples who are not citizens, one person within the marriage must have lived in England and Wales for at least three years prior to the divorce. This is the case whatever the length of the marriage (although it must be at least one year) and regardless of whether they married in the country or not. These timelines are when the petition for divorce can be served, not when the divorce will actually go through. The reality is that it is likely to be at least a year and a half between a marriage and a divorce.
There is an exception to the above when adultery has been committed. In this case there is no time minimum time that a couple must have married for. For example, they could begin divorce proceedings only a month into the marriage. However, adultery must either be admitted by the guilty party or proven.
So how about remarrying? Often people believe there is a certain amount of time they must be divorced for before they marry someone else. This is false though. Someone can actually get married as long as they are not married to someone else, so immediately once the divorce is final and a decree nisi has been confirmed. In theory someone can remarry on the same day as their previous marriage ends.
For a couple to divorce they must satisfy certain criteria. There must be a particular reason for the divorce, such as the marriage having irretrievable broken down. Desertion is one such reason. In these cases the times line is different. For a couple to divorce they must have lived apart for two years if both agree to the divorce, or five years if they do not agree.
There are a number of reasons why there is a minimum time that a couple must have been married for before they divorce. One of these is to prevent people marrying to gain citizenship. If there was no minimum time it is feared people would temporarily marry so a non-British citizen can gain citizenship. Another reason is that a year is not generally considered enough time for a couple to make up their minds about whether their marriage is working.
The above rules relate to divorce, but there are circumstances whereby an annulment can be granted. This can be granted immediately after a marriage and effectively makes the marriage void. This means that officially the marriage never existed. Grounds whereby an annulment will be granted include circumstances where the marriage was illegal, for example if one person was not old enough to marry, the couple are close blood relations, or one person is married to someone else. An annulment can also be granted if it was a forced marriage or it was entered into fraudulently. Examples of this include one person lying about their circumstances to the other. If one person in a relationship is impotent and unable to consummate the marriage or didn’t have the mental capacity to get married (including because they were drunk) an annulment can be granted.
Andrew Marshall (c)
There is an exception to the above when adultery has been committed. In this case there is no time minimum time that a couple must have married for. For example, they could begin divorce proceedings only a month into the marriage. However, adultery must either be admitted by the guilty party or proven.
So how about remarrying? Often people believe there is a certain amount of time they must be divorced for before they marry someone else. This is false though. Someone can actually get married as long as they are not married to someone else, so immediately once the divorce is final and a decree nisi has been confirmed. In theory someone can remarry on the same day as their previous marriage ends.
For a couple to divorce they must satisfy certain criteria. There must be a particular reason for the divorce, such as the marriage having irretrievable broken down. Desertion is one such reason. In these cases the times line is different. For a couple to divorce they must have lived apart for two years if both agree to the divorce, or five years if they do not agree.
There are a number of reasons why there is a minimum time that a couple must have been married for before they divorce. One of these is to prevent people marrying to gain citizenship. If there was no minimum time it is feared people would temporarily marry so a non-British citizen can gain citizenship. Another reason is that a year is not generally considered enough time for a couple to make up their minds about whether their marriage is working.
The above rules relate to divorce, but there are circumstances whereby an annulment can be granted. This can be granted immediately after a marriage and effectively makes the marriage void. This means that officially the marriage never existed. Grounds whereby an annulment will be granted include circumstances where the marriage was illegal, for example if one person was not old enough to marry, the couple are close blood relations, or one person is married to someone else. An annulment can also be granted if it was a forced marriage or it was entered into fraudulently. Examples of this include one person lying about their circumstances to the other. If one person in a relationship is impotent and unable to consummate the marriage or didn’t have the mental capacity to get married (including because they were drunk) an annulment can be granted.
Andrew Marshall (c)
Monday, February 14, 2011
Tips on Writing a Will
Writing a will is something a lot of people put off. For many it is something they never get round to or never want to think about, after all planning for death can be a depressing thought. However, there are many reasons why you should write a will. You have a right to choose what happens with your money and other assets when you die and having a will is the best way to guarantee your wishes are carried out. Your family will have enough to worry about when you die grieving and having to organise a funeral, so they could do without having to sort out what happens with your assets.
Here are some tips on writing a will.
Use a Solicitor or Will Writing Services
Wills and probate solicitors are experts in the area and will make sure it is done properly and to the law so there are no problems. You may be reluctant to use a lawyer to save costs, but it can prevent a lawyer having to be employed after you die to sort out a poorly written will or interpret what you have written. Will writing service can also ensure a will is professionally written.
Choosing an Executor
First and foremost you need to choose an executor who you know you can trust to make sure your wishes are met. It is also wise to choose someone you know all you family members can trust as this will make the process easier later on.
Be Specific
One of the most important things is to be clear about what you want. A will is effectively a set of instructions upon your death, so it needs to be obvious what those instructions are. This makes it easier for the executor to carry out your wishes, and for your family. If it is clearly written there is less chance of disputes over what you really wanted.
Think about Specific Possessions
A will is not just about money and the monetary value of possessions. There may be one particular belonging of yours that has no real monetary value, but is a favourite of one member of your family. It is a good idea to discuss with your family who would like what, including items you may not think of as particularly valuable.
Sign the Will
A surprising number of people forget to add their signature. Without it the will won’t be valid, thus making the whole process redundant.
Don’t Get Help from Family
It may seem an obvious thing to do, but getting help from some family members gives legal grounds for other family members to challenge the will, as if they have assisted in its writing they may have a vested interest.
Tell Your Family where it is
A will has no use if nobody knows where it is. Make sure it is kept in a safe place, possible somewhere fire proof, and tell people how to find it.
Don’t wait until you are Old
It may be a depressing thought, but you may die at any moment. Just because you are still young does not mean something tragic may not happen. If you have young children it is important they get what they deserve in the event of something happening to you, so it is just as important to get a will written.
Andrew Marshall (c)
Here are some tips on writing a will.
Use a Solicitor or Will Writing Services
Wills and probate solicitors are experts in the area and will make sure it is done properly and to the law so there are no problems. You may be reluctant to use a lawyer to save costs, but it can prevent a lawyer having to be employed after you die to sort out a poorly written will or interpret what you have written. Will writing service can also ensure a will is professionally written.
Choosing an Executor
First and foremost you need to choose an executor who you know you can trust to make sure your wishes are met. It is also wise to choose someone you know all you family members can trust as this will make the process easier later on.
Be Specific
One of the most important things is to be clear about what you want. A will is effectively a set of instructions upon your death, so it needs to be obvious what those instructions are. This makes it easier for the executor to carry out your wishes, and for your family. If it is clearly written there is less chance of disputes over what you really wanted.
Think about Specific Possessions
A will is not just about money and the monetary value of possessions. There may be one particular belonging of yours that has no real monetary value, but is a favourite of one member of your family. It is a good idea to discuss with your family who would like what, including items you may not think of as particularly valuable.
Sign the Will
A surprising number of people forget to add their signature. Without it the will won’t be valid, thus making the whole process redundant.
Don’t Get Help from Family
It may seem an obvious thing to do, but getting help from some family members gives legal grounds for other family members to challenge the will, as if they have assisted in its writing they may have a vested interest.
Tell Your Family where it is
A will has no use if nobody knows where it is. Make sure it is kept in a safe place, possible somewhere fire proof, and tell people how to find it.
Don’t wait until you are Old
It may be a depressing thought, but you may die at any moment. Just because you are still young does not mean something tragic may not happen. If you have young children it is important they get what they deserve in the event of something happening to you, so it is just as important to get a will written.
Andrew Marshall (c)
Friday, February 11, 2011
Computer and Internet Glossary
Computing and the Internet is full of terms that novices of the web may find confusing. This is a glossary with a basic description of some terms relating to the computer and internet world.
Bandwidth
Bandwidth is measured in bits per second and is the amount of data that can be sent through a network or modem connection. The higher than bandwidth, the more data that can be transferred. If the bandwidth is high it can cope with more visitors and more downloads. It also affects the speed at which the site loads.
Dashboard
A dashboard is a user interface used on many different types of software. From the dashboard you may get the options and see basic information about your account. The word is taken from a dashboard on a car, where you will see basic information like speed and mileage and reach option such as the gears and radio.
Desktop Publishing
Desktop publishing is where a computer is used to create a document. If words and images are created and combined in designing something, it is called desktop publishing. The creation of a poster using a computer is a good example of desktop publishing.
Encryption
When data is scrambled so it can only be decoded and understood by someone who it should be, it is called encryption. It is effectively a way of enhancing the security of confidential information so if someone who shouldn’t manages to access it, they won’t be able to understand it.
Facebook
Facebook is the name of a social networking website (see below for social networking) where users can create a profile of themselves and share information and photographs with other users who they have specified as a friend. Friends being able to post messages to each other is a popular feature of Facebook.
Firewall
This is software that prevents viruses (see below for virus) and other malicious programs from accessing a computer system. Its job is to spot programs and websites that could be dangerous, and they can prevent traffic from certain IP addresses.
Hard Disk
A hard disk is the internal memory (see below for memory) of a computer and somewhere you can save documents and other files to.
JavaScript
This is a programming language. It is used in the creation of web pages and is used for the dynamic and interactive parts of sites, such as rollovers and image rotation.
LAN
LAN stands for local area network, a computer network that is limited to a small area, such as an office or school. With a LAN, users (who will usually have a user name and password) will be able to access the same files and information from shared areas of the network. It also means users can access the same files from different computers.
Memory
Computers need memory to store data. A hard drive (see above) is an example. Memory can also come in the form of external devices plugged into a computer, such as the almost obsolete floppy disk, CD’s and USB drives.
Open Source
If a piece of software’s code is open for the use of any member of the public, it is called open source software. The code can be modified where necessary, so users are effectively taking a program created by someone else and modifying it how they please. Examples include some web development software. This can be used by different web development companies who can modify it to suit their needs.
Page Views
The number of times a webpage has been viewed is called the number of page views. It is a statistic that is regularly used by website owners to see how many times each page has been viewed. This can help them to establish visitor behaviour, and is one metric of measuring the success or failure of a webpage, and a website in general.
Screenshot
A screenshot is effectively an image taken of what is seen on a computer screen, using the computer. It is also sometimes called a screen grab.
Script
A computer script is a set of commands. These are instructions to a computer. They are used to run processes on computers and computer systems.
SEO
SEO stands for Search Engine Optimisation and refers to optimising a website for the search engines to give it the best chance possible of appearing towards the top of the search engines. On-page and off-page techniques can be used. On-page SEO are things carried out on the website itself. Off-page SEO is generating links from other websites to yours.
Social Networking
Social networking websites are sites where people can share information about themselves with others. Basically, they are online networks of people or online communities.
WAN
WAN stands for Wide Area Network, as opposed to a local area network (see above). It essentially does the same thing but over a larger distance. Whereas a LAN may be only within an office, a WAN can connect people from different towns, or even different countries.
Web Host
For a website to be viewed by others, it needs to be hosted on a server. Web hosts (or web hosting companies) lease servers to website owners, where their sites can be uploaded for the world to see.
Virus
A computer virus is a malicious script or piece of software that can infect a computer. This can cause havoc by destroying the computer. Some viruses will allow the virus’s creator to view confidential information contained on a computer.
Andrew Marshall (c)
For Internet Advice visit Know The Net.
Bandwidth
Bandwidth is measured in bits per second and is the amount of data that can be sent through a network or modem connection. The higher than bandwidth, the more data that can be transferred. If the bandwidth is high it can cope with more visitors and more downloads. It also affects the speed at which the site loads.
Dashboard
A dashboard is a user interface used on many different types of software. From the dashboard you may get the options and see basic information about your account. The word is taken from a dashboard on a car, where you will see basic information like speed and mileage and reach option such as the gears and radio.
Desktop Publishing
Desktop publishing is where a computer is used to create a document. If words and images are created and combined in designing something, it is called desktop publishing. The creation of a poster using a computer is a good example of desktop publishing.
Encryption
When data is scrambled so it can only be decoded and understood by someone who it should be, it is called encryption. It is effectively a way of enhancing the security of confidential information so if someone who shouldn’t manages to access it, they won’t be able to understand it.
Facebook is the name of a social networking website (see below for social networking) where users can create a profile of themselves and share information and photographs with other users who they have specified as a friend. Friends being able to post messages to each other is a popular feature of Facebook.
Firewall
This is software that prevents viruses (see below for virus) and other malicious programs from accessing a computer system. Its job is to spot programs and websites that could be dangerous, and they can prevent traffic from certain IP addresses.
Hard Disk
A hard disk is the internal memory (see below for memory) of a computer and somewhere you can save documents and other files to.
JavaScript
This is a programming language. It is used in the creation of web pages and is used for the dynamic and interactive parts of sites, such as rollovers and image rotation.
LAN
LAN stands for local area network, a computer network that is limited to a small area, such as an office or school. With a LAN, users (who will usually have a user name and password) will be able to access the same files and information from shared areas of the network. It also means users can access the same files from different computers.
Memory
Computers need memory to store data. A hard drive (see above) is an example. Memory can also come in the form of external devices plugged into a computer, such as the almost obsolete floppy disk, CD’s and USB drives.
Open Source
If a piece of software’s code is open for the use of any member of the public, it is called open source software. The code can be modified where necessary, so users are effectively taking a program created by someone else and modifying it how they please. Examples include some web development software. This can be used by different web development companies who can modify it to suit their needs.
Page Views
The number of times a webpage has been viewed is called the number of page views. It is a statistic that is regularly used by website owners to see how many times each page has been viewed. This can help them to establish visitor behaviour, and is one metric of measuring the success or failure of a webpage, and a website in general.
Screenshot
A screenshot is effectively an image taken of what is seen on a computer screen, using the computer. It is also sometimes called a screen grab.
Script
A computer script is a set of commands. These are instructions to a computer. They are used to run processes on computers and computer systems.
SEO
SEO stands for Search Engine Optimisation and refers to optimising a website for the search engines to give it the best chance possible of appearing towards the top of the search engines. On-page and off-page techniques can be used. On-page SEO are things carried out on the website itself. Off-page SEO is generating links from other websites to yours.
Social Networking
Social networking websites are sites where people can share information about themselves with others. Basically, they are online networks of people or online communities.
WAN
WAN stands for Wide Area Network, as opposed to a local area network (see above). It essentially does the same thing but over a larger distance. Whereas a LAN may be only within an office, a WAN can connect people from different towns, or even different countries.
Web Host
For a website to be viewed by others, it needs to be hosted on a server. Web hosts (or web hosting companies) lease servers to website owners, where their sites can be uploaded for the world to see.
Virus
A computer virus is a malicious script or piece of software that can infect a computer. This can cause havoc by destroying the computer. Some viruses will allow the virus’s creator to view confidential information contained on a computer.
Andrew Marshall (c)
For Internet Advice visit Know The Net.
Monday, February 7, 2011
Why is PAT Testing required in Public Places but not in the Home?
Why is PAT Testing required in public places but not in the home? Well, it all comes down to responsibility. In your own home your only responsibility is yourself, whereas if you are in charge of a public area you are responsible for anyone who may use it.
There are no rules regarding electrical safety in your own home. Any problems will affect you and not other member of the public, so specific rules are not deemed necessary. Making sure any electrical items are safe for use at home is, of course, still advisable. Although there is no actual law dictating what must be done you own safety is still important.
Things are different where rental properties are concerned though. If you own a property you are renting out then you are responsible for the home being a safe place for tenants to live. So if there are appliances included they need to have passed a PAT test. Such items include ovens, microwaves, washing machines, fridges and electrical showers. If the tenants have an accident due to negligence on your part you will be held responsible.
Responsibility of others is the reason why PAT testing must have been carried out on rental properties. It is also why this is the case in other areas, such as the workplace and public areas.
In the workplace employers are responsible for their employee’s, which includes needing to make sure employees are working in a safe environment at all times. Therefore any equipment used by employees, from computers in an office to tills in a shop, and even a coffee machine, must be certified as fit for purpose.
Areas used by the general public need to be just as safe. This is the case whether equipment can affect those in a town centre or those in particular establishments. Examples of places where PAT testing should be undertaken include schools, hospitals, leisure centres and shops. Wherever there are electrical appliances, they must be safe. This means that school heads, hospital management, leisure centre management and shop managers all need to make sure equipment used on their premises are properly maintained and tested.
So, anyone responsible for an area used by others is responsible for their safety, something that includes the safety of any electrical appliances. They must make sure they are safe for use by anyone who need to, or might, use them. This is the case whoever will use them, whether they are employees, customers or general members of the public.
In the home, though, this is not necessary, assuming you are the one living there. You are responsible for it and it is up to you how you ensure your own safety. If you are making money from others staying there, however, it is another matter. This is the case if you are renting out either the entire home or just a room while living there yourself (including as a bed and breakfast or hotel). All in all it is fairly simple. If you are only responsible for you and your family there are no laws regarding this subject, if this is not the case, there are.
Andrew Marshall (c)
There are no rules regarding electrical safety in your own home. Any problems will affect you and not other member of the public, so specific rules are not deemed necessary. Making sure any electrical items are safe for use at home is, of course, still advisable. Although there is no actual law dictating what must be done you own safety is still important.
Things are different where rental properties are concerned though. If you own a property you are renting out then you are responsible for the home being a safe place for tenants to live. So if there are appliances included they need to have passed a PAT test. Such items include ovens, microwaves, washing machines, fridges and electrical showers. If the tenants have an accident due to negligence on your part you will be held responsible.
Responsibility of others is the reason why PAT testing must have been carried out on rental properties. It is also why this is the case in other areas, such as the workplace and public areas.
In the workplace employers are responsible for their employee’s, which includes needing to make sure employees are working in a safe environment at all times. Therefore any equipment used by employees, from computers in an office to tills in a shop, and even a coffee machine, must be certified as fit for purpose.
Areas used by the general public need to be just as safe. This is the case whether equipment can affect those in a town centre or those in particular establishments. Examples of places where PAT testing should be undertaken include schools, hospitals, leisure centres and shops. Wherever there are electrical appliances, they must be safe. This means that school heads, hospital management, leisure centre management and shop managers all need to make sure equipment used on their premises are properly maintained and tested.
So, anyone responsible for an area used by others is responsible for their safety, something that includes the safety of any electrical appliances. They must make sure they are safe for use by anyone who need to, or might, use them. This is the case whoever will use them, whether they are employees, customers or general members of the public.
In the home, though, this is not necessary, assuming you are the one living there. You are responsible for it and it is up to you how you ensure your own safety. If you are making money from others staying there, however, it is another matter. This is the case if you are renting out either the entire home or just a room while living there yourself (including as a bed and breakfast or hotel). All in all it is fairly simple. If you are only responsible for you and your family there are no laws regarding this subject, if this is not the case, there are.
Andrew Marshall (c)
How Packaging can be Recycled
The waste caused by packaging is sometimes lamented, but the materials of most packaging can be recycled and reused, either for packaging once again or other purposes. There are three materials that are used for packaging more than any others; plastic, paper and cardboard.
Plastic
The problem with plastic is that it isn’t biodegradable so once produced it will stay around. The positive of it, though, is that it can be recycled into many things. It can be recycled many times over so it has many used beyond that of its origin.
For plastic to be recycled it must first be separated from the other parts of the packaging such as cardboard. There are many types of plastic and at a recycling plant it will be sorted into categories. Once a large amount of plastic has been collected together it can be compacted and baled. Eventually the masses of plastic that have been collected are ground into chips and washed so it is clean. Then it is dried and melted and small plastic pellets are formed that can then be used to make other products.
There are a wide variety of things that plastic can be made into. Recycled plastic can be used for garden furniture, children’s toys and containers. The small plastic pellets can also be good insulators used for home insulation and sleeping bag filler.
Paper
Waste paper is often used to make new paper, so it is actually being used for the same thing over and over. Recycled paper can be taken from three areas of paper making and usage. During the making of paper there are waste paper trimmings and these can be recycled. Then there is pre-consumer paper, the paper discarded so not used by consumers. Finally there is paper that has been used and thrown away. This is where paper used from packaging comes in.
Paper is a comparatively simple material to recycle. It is sorted and graded into different categories. Once this has been done it can be added to water which turns it into pulp. It must then be cleaned which includes the removal of any ink, and finally the usable pulp is turned back into paper.
Recycled paper can be used to produce newspapers, tissue and cardboard. Paper used for packaging is often later used by packaging suppliers once again.
Cardboard
Cardboard is the most used material in packaging but it can be recycled to be either used for more packaging or for other uses.
Just like with plastic and paper it is sorted into groups. It must then be cleaned. Similar to the recycling of paper it is mixed with water and turned into pulp. Once this has been done it can eventually be turned into items such as toilet paper and paper towels. It can also be shredded and used for a number of purposes such as animal bedding or insulation. There are even times when recycled paper is used for wood products.
People do sometimes talk about the waste caused by packaging. However, when used in the right ways it can be reused, therefore limiting the waste to the environment. There are many cases where packaging is recycled and used many times over.
Andrew Marshall (c)
Plastic
The problem with plastic is that it isn’t biodegradable so once produced it will stay around. The positive of it, though, is that it can be recycled into many things. It can be recycled many times over so it has many used beyond that of its origin.
For plastic to be recycled it must first be separated from the other parts of the packaging such as cardboard. There are many types of plastic and at a recycling plant it will be sorted into categories. Once a large amount of plastic has been collected together it can be compacted and baled. Eventually the masses of plastic that have been collected are ground into chips and washed so it is clean. Then it is dried and melted and small plastic pellets are formed that can then be used to make other products.
There are a wide variety of things that plastic can be made into. Recycled plastic can be used for garden furniture, children’s toys and containers. The small plastic pellets can also be good insulators used for home insulation and sleeping bag filler.
Paper
Waste paper is often used to make new paper, so it is actually being used for the same thing over and over. Recycled paper can be taken from three areas of paper making and usage. During the making of paper there are waste paper trimmings and these can be recycled. Then there is pre-consumer paper, the paper discarded so not used by consumers. Finally there is paper that has been used and thrown away. This is where paper used from packaging comes in.
Paper is a comparatively simple material to recycle. It is sorted and graded into different categories. Once this has been done it can be added to water which turns it into pulp. It must then be cleaned which includes the removal of any ink, and finally the usable pulp is turned back into paper.
Recycled paper can be used to produce newspapers, tissue and cardboard. Paper used for packaging is often later used by packaging suppliers once again.
Cardboard
Cardboard is the most used material in packaging but it can be recycled to be either used for more packaging or for other uses.
Just like with plastic and paper it is sorted into groups. It must then be cleaned. Similar to the recycling of paper it is mixed with water and turned into pulp. Once this has been done it can eventually be turned into items such as toilet paper and paper towels. It can also be shredded and used for a number of purposes such as animal bedding or insulation. There are even times when recycled paper is used for wood products.
People do sometimes talk about the waste caused by packaging. However, when used in the right ways it can be reused, therefore limiting the waste to the environment. There are many cases where packaging is recycled and used many times over.
Andrew Marshall (c)
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